Book Review of Jung and Sex by Ginette Paris, Ph.D.

“Edward Santana, in his brave book Jung and Sex, (Routledge 2017), does something that is long overdue: a critical review of the moralism that has affected the Jungian community. He attacks the bigotry of the psychological establishment when dealing with sexuality, homosexuality, and sexual infidelity.

"This moralism is not so much a problem that comes from Jung’s writing, but rather a cultural trend in psychotherapy. Too many devout Jungians prefer to forget that Jung slept with former patients, had a long-time mistress, and did not believe in the absolute sanctity of sexual fidelity.

"In his own way Santana champions the Jungian perspective, but in a refreshing and more contemporary way. He writes: ‘Neuroses are more commonly experienced today as anxiety or depression, and if we follow Jung’s interpretations, they are also forms of sexual dysfunction and addiction.’

"The analyst’s task is to provide the link to the unconscious aspect of the sexual problem, which is at the same time a cultural problem. Both the person and the culture need therapy. That is the task that Santana gave himself, in a magnificent effort to renew our thinking about the spiritual dimensions of sexuality. The style is jargon-free, pleasant and sharp!”

~ Ginette Paris, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist, author of Wisdom of the Psyche: Beyond Neuroscience, Heartbreak: New Approaches to Healing, Pagan Grace, and Pagan Meditations.

Available on Amazon: https://amzn.com/1138919152

20 Essential Perspectives from C.G. Jung on Sex and Psychotherapy

Published by Routledge Mental Health, September 2017.

Edward Santana, author of Jung and Sex, reflects on the founders of psychotherapy and their critical focus on the mysteries of sexuality more than 100 years ago, as well as its vital role in mental health, both then and now…

"History reflects the harsh reality that many complex sexual symptoms throughout the ages have proven difficult to understand and treat. Humankind also has a terrible legacy of repression and ignorance about sex, the most perplexing and challenging of our basic instincts. Within the psychotherapy profession, this cultural symptom is reflected in the lack of sexual training and education in most of our academic institutions, despite the hunger of many clinical students for these critical topics. These impoverishments are further impacted by the limited amount of focus and offerings on sexual health from many of the profession’s largest associations. Despite the widespread prevalence of sexual concerns and their tremendous cultural significance, human sexuality remains largely imbedded in the unconscious dimensions of society—and unfortunately in the shadow of the profession. 

"More than a hundred years after the birth of psychotherapy, which had its roots firmly planted in rich explorations of sex and sexuality by Freud and others, there has been limited progress as a profession in integrating wider perspectives on sexuality from a diverse range of psychotherapeutic contributors. Despite some advancements, many respected leaders in the field of sex therapy and sex research agree that the current models of treatment require an important re-visioning and more extensive collaboration. My book, Jung and Sex, explores this essential bridging of perspectives and brings forward many of C. G. Jung’s essential contributions.

"Though not widely understood, Jung developed an extremely diverse and comprehensive body of work on sex and sexuality—ideas that offer important perspectives for contemporary psychotherapists. As an early defender of the numinous aspects of sexuality, Jung risked his entire professional career combating limited and reductive ideas about the nature of sexuality and libido. As a victim of childhood sexual abuse and its lingering trauma, he understood the powerful forces and painful extremes of sexuality. The erotic sphere was also at the root of Jung’s early discovery of the complex, which he tracked in psychiatric patients when erotic material suddenly triggered bizarre or defensive reactions. 

"Here are some of Jung’s perspectives on working with sexual concerns (from Jung and Sex, which includes a more extensive and specific primer of depth-oriented approaches to treatment):

1. One encounters sexuality everywhere; thus in anything one is involved, their sexuality will appear too.

2. Pressures to conform or deny natural instincts create neuroses and psychological splits between inner needs and outer demands.

3. Fear of complexes is a deeply-rooted prejudice; complexes are normal and basic parts of the psyche.

4. Sexual symptoms also reflect universal issues of the culture; many symptoms do not belong exclusively to the patient.

5. Every important affective event becomes a complex; complexes are signposts to the unconscious.

6. Denial of instincts and complexes increases power of the unconscious.

7. Complexes and struggles manifest in places where one is most weak or less adapted.

8. Individuation and a new level of consciousness are possible through integration of the erotic complexes.

9. Must expect powerful emotions and difficulties to congregate around sex because it is where adaptation is least complete and where one faces the most challenges to natural expression.

10. Sexuality can express deep levels of the psyche’s symbolic, archetypal, and mythic elements.

11. Repellent things belong to the psyche and are natural.

12. Patient senses something repellent in their own psyche; the shadow is a difficult moral challenge to ego consciousness.

13. Psyche is purposive and directed; symptoms have meaning.

14. Psyche cannot be defined by categories or labels.

15. Illnesses affecting patients are mostly unconscious attempts to cure themselves.

16. All-simplifying theories serve an injustice to the patient and the soul.

17. No single method of treatment; not mechanical or procedural work.

18. Therapists must first know how symptoms help or serve their patients in some unconscious or paradoxical way.

19. Main concern is being non-reductive toward the psyche; viewing the psyche as complex and teleological.

20. Treatment goal is integration and rebalancing of inner conflicts through conscious awareness.

"As the world grows vastly in population and diversity, issues of sex and sexuality will only increase in severity and complexity for future clinicians. This is an important time for expanding collaboration among the therapeutic fields and for increasing focus within academic training programs. As Jung indicated, the erotic or sexual sphere is always problematic because it is where adaptation is least complete. To address these challenges, therapists can help lead conscious efforts to look beyond mere surface expressions of sexual difficulties and simple approaches to symptom reduction—to help forge deeper understandings of the great mysteries of sex and sexuality for our patients."

Sex and the Soul

C.G. Jung’s approach to sexual issues in therapy involved expanding ideas about the sexual impulse and its pathology into the spirit or archetypal realm to understand the meaning and purpose of the soul’s need for expression through a particular symptom. He wrote:

“I think that one should view with philosophic admiration the strange paths of the libido and should investigate the purposes of its circuitous ways” (1912).

Archetypal psychology, which has its roots in the works of Jung and his study of archetypes, was championed by post-Jungian psychologist James Hillman, who expanded Jung’s ideas on myth, symbol, and image into a focus on the imaginal realm and the soul. Hillman wrote extensively about the soul’s expression through sexuality.

He instructed, “Nothing is repressed; in fact, nothing can be repressed” (1975), inferring that the soul always finds a way for expression through unhappiness, violence, strife, discourse, or the dark shadows surrounding symptoms and pathologies. Hillman’s Pulitzer Prize-nominated Re-Visioning Psychology reexamined the modern approach to psychology. He applied this approach to the soul at work in sexual pathology:

“There’s nowhere for love to go but to another person. So the magnetic pull that therapy calls ‘sex addiction’ or ‘loving too much’ is nothing other than the end-station of our isolated individualism.” (1992)

Why is this important? Sexual issues and responses to them are prevalent in Western culture today. There has been a rapid rise during the last decade in the number of sex therapists and sex addiction treatment centers. Though the term sex addiction is one that is not currently accepted by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Hillman, however, pointed out that the real problem is even larger, “sex education, sex talk shows, sex help books, sex therapy, sex workshops—Aphrodite’s pink ribbons wrap our culture round. The billion-dollar porn industry is minor league compared with the haunting sexual obsessions endemic in the culture at large” (1995).

What many mainstream approaches lack is a means for addressing the soul at work beneath the symptoms. And as a profession, more research and focus are needed to explore the mysteries of sexual symptoms and their need for healing and expression.

*

A Primer on C. G. Jung’s Writings and Perspectives on Sexual Concerns and their Treatment

(These statements are paraphrased directly from Jung's writings on analysis, sex, and sexuality.)

On Human Instincts:

• One encounters sexuality everywhere; thus in anything one is involved, their sexuality will appear too

• No instinct rivals the spirit as strongly as the sexual instinct

• Essential to give instincts their rightful place

• Pressures to conform or deny natural instincts creates psychological splits between inner needs versus outer demands

• Natural sexual instincts are reduced to widespread denial and repression

• Psyche is formidable, hostile, and can even thwart one’s will; sexual instinct is often beyond human ability to expressly control or direct

• Some psychic contents have an autonomous nature

On the Nature of Complexes:

• Fear of complexes is a deeply-rooted prejudice; complexes are normal and basic parts of the psyche

• Complexes are signposts to the unconscious

• The erotic complex is omnipresent in the psyche, acausal, and paradoxical in nature

• An erotic complex can dominate at the expense of other psychic material, then everything becomes sexualized and geared toward the sexual purpose

• Every important affective event becomes a complex

• The strongest feelings and symptoms are connected with the most powerful complexes

• Denial of instincts and complexes increases power of the unconscious

• Complexes and struggles manifest in places where one is most weak or less developed

• The presence of an erotic complex is certain even if denied by the patient

• Must expect powerful emotions and difficulties to congregate around sex because it is where adaptation is least complete and where one faces the most challenges to natural expression

On Individuation:

• Individuation and a new level of consciousness are possible through integration of the erotic complexes

• Goal of wholeness is achieved through the union of conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche

• Struggle in reaching wholeness is rooted in the conflict between instinctual nature and civilization

• Must work out the problems of our moral aspects or risk repression

On Cultural Issues:

• Cultural pressures are to blame for making struggles with sex difficult and universal

• Best opportunity for society is for each person to be in possession of one’s own personality

• Culture must unburden itself from the erotic shame and guilt carried from previous centuries

• Jung’s own contradictory statements demonstrate the challenges of overcoming cultural and moral biases, which are mostly unconscious

On Sexual Phenomena:

• Essential to penetrate the deeper layers of the psyche common to all humans

• Sexual struggles are deep driving forces that seek expression

• How things are expressed by the psyche are not as important as what needs to be expressed

• Repellent things belong to the psyche and are natural

• Must place greater value on the roots of psychological problems than on surface expressions of symptoms

• Psyche is purposive and directed

• Should always search for the meaning of psychological phenomena

• Disregarding psychological phenomena creates consequences, such as a split personality or loss of consciousness

• Psyche communicates through powerful experiences, images, and symptoms

• Sexual phenomena have multiple layers and meanings beyond universal or simple explanations

• Psyche cannot be defined by categories or labels

• The conscious psyche is always the smaller circle within the greater circle of the unconscious

On Spiritual Dimensions:

• Spirituality and sexuality cannot be excluded from each other

• Sexuality is a creative power equal to the spirit

• Grave consequences for ignoring the spiritual side of sex; one becomes unconsciously driven by instinct and it hinders individuation and development

• Sexuality has numinous aspects

• Numinous experiences simultaneously elevate and humiliate

• Concerned with engaging the numinous not with the treatment of neuroses; the numinous ultimately helps release one from the curse of pathology

• Sexuality is both divine and hellish; it compels one to experience forces beyond ordinary domains

On Treatment of:

• Illnesses affecting patients are mostly unconscious attempts to cure themselves

• Analytic approach is symbolistic

• All-simplifying theories serve an injustice to the patient and the soul

• No single theory to explain the human psyche; no general criterion of judgment

• There is no single method of treatment; it is not mechanical or procedural work

• Profound experiences and conflicts, like sexual ones, evoke deep parts of the psyche, which explains the cautionary approach to engaging sexual issues in therapy

• One can thrive and feel harmony only when instinct and spirit are balanced, otherwise imbalance creates one-sidedness and veers one toward neuroses or pathology

• The main concern in treatment is being non-reductive toward the psyche; viewing the psyche as complex

• There is a breaking point for the suppression of instincts that creates a split or neurotic individual, which is not usually conscious and requires support for realization and integration

• Shadow aspects might produce violent responses from conscious positions of patients

• The treatment goal is integration and rebalancing of inner conflicts through conscious awareness

• Every situation requires the context of the individual

• Expect high patient resistance, difficulty of treatment, and prevalence of sexual material; the unconscious erects significant barriers to treatment

• Most patients are highly resistant to disclosure and create insurmountable obstacles to exploration

• The patient senses something repellent in their own psyche; the shadow is a difficult moral challenge to ego consciousness

• This work places extreme difficulties on the patient and the therapist; therapy is painful and challenging to both

• Analyst or therapist must be appropriately trained and prepared by examining their own psychic contents

• First duty is to keep close to the patient’s psychic material and not allow prejudice and subjectivity to distort emerging psychological phenomena

• Important for therapists to open themselves to deeper and unknown experiences

• A patient’s deviation into sex is sometimes used to escape one’s true problems

• Therapists must first know how symptoms help and serve patients

• Can never know beforehand what is what

• Sexual issues may not have direct sexual aspect or direct means of treatment

• Avoid attitude of a missionary out to cure patients and eradicate symptoms

• Requires emerging crystallization of goals and a direction originating from the patient

• Requires conscious attitude of cooperation and dialogue or the unconscious can be driven into opposition

Implications of a Depth Psychological Approach for Patients

Potential Benefits:

• Reduce the labeling of sexual dysfunctions and the pathology of categorically defined symptoms

• Help patients view their symptoms as potentially deeper aspects of the psyche or soul; remove stigmatizing perspectives regarding the surface expressions of psychopathology

• Open up possibilities for viewing symptoms as important aspects of psychic expression calling for healing or attention from the unconscious

• Provide a view of the numinous or spiritual aspects in the psyche expressed through sexual symptoms

• Assist development and growth through the process of integration and individuation by becoming conscious of inner struggles and conflicts raging within

• Develop understanding of deeper cultural and universal layers of the psychic situation

• Provide an approach to understanding the root causes of sexual issues that are beyond symptomatic appearances

• Develop greater awareness and consciousness of self and spiritual dimensions

• Engage in mysteries of sexual expressions and desires by viewing them through wider perspectives

• Recognize how diverse aspects belong on a spectrum of human complexity

• Work toward integration with the shadow and unwanted aspects to foster a greater sense of wholeness

• Understand how disunity of the self creates psychic suffering and split personalities or dissociation

• Potentially reduce reliance on pharmaceutical solutions or medical interventions

• Provide individualized treatment approaches tailored to patients’ unique psychological positions

• Offer archetypal, imaginal, and mythological perspectives to help patients understand layers of the psyche and to add collective context to the repellant or unknown elements of the psyche

• Allow more room to explore a range of potential affective causes and how the unconscious is purposive and directed in its expressions of suffering

Potential Challenges:

• Some might not be ready for or welcome the challenges of the depth approach

• Some patients might wrestle with a lack of answers or the uncertainty of a direction or method, which can increase frustration and impatience with the process

• Difficulty coping with their own challenging psychic material, which creates feelings of confusion and more entanglement with the unknown

• Experiencing greater vulnerability and feeling exposed on a level for which one’s conscious mind or ego is unprepared

• Making the problem feel worse and more complex than originally thought

• Havingresistances and avoidance of sexual issues brought into awareness

• Facing the possibility of intensifying a patient’s resistance, which drives the unconscious into greater opposition and fuels increased symptoms

Get the PDF version here: Primer on C. G. Jung’s Writings on Sexual Concerns and their Treatment

Jung and Sex: Re-visioning the Treatment of Sexual Issues, Edward Santana, Ph.D.

Available at Amazon:  https://amzn.com/1138919152